Which of the following describes a long-term effect of physical training?

• A. Increased heart rate
• B. Improved muscle health and size
• C. Decreased lung capacity
• D. Increased fatigue after exercise

Answer: (B)

The choice that correctly describes a long-term effect of physical training is improved muscle health and size. Engaging in regular physical training, particularly resistance training, leads to muscle hypertrophy, which is the enlargement of muscle fibers. This adaptation occurs as the body responds to the increased demands placed on the muscles during exercise. Over time, consistent training leads to not only bigger muscles but also enhanced strength and muscle endurance, contributing to overall physical performance.

Additionally, improved muscle health involves better muscle recovery, greater muscle efficiency, and a reduced risk of injury, all of which stem from the physiological changes that occur due to ongoing training. This long-term adaptation underscores the importance of resistance and strength training as part of a comprehensive fitness program.

The other options do not correctly reflect long-term benefits of physical training, with increased heart rate typically being a short-term response to exercise, decreased lung capacity contradicting the benefits of aerobic training, and increased fatigue after exercise often indicating overtraining or insufficient recovery rather than a positive effect of regular training.